Ice Age Adventures is an adventure game set in the Ice Age films where players control Sid the sloth, who's trying to make it back to his group of friends after being separated by a crack in the ice. In Ice Age Adventures players can enjoy several different gaming systems.
Kieran 's Adventures of Ice Age is the first upcoming Kingdom Hearts/20th Century Fox Crossover film creating by Kieran Quarles. It will appear on Pandora.TV in the near future.PlotThe film begins with a saber-toothed squirrel (known as Scrat) who istrying to find somewhere to store his prized acorn. Eventually, as hetries to stomp it into the ground, he causes a large crack in the groundthat extends for miles and miles and sets off a large avalanche. Hebarely escapes, but finds himself stepped on by a herd of prehistoricanimals.
The animals are trying to avoid the ice age by migrating south,except for Manfred, an agitated mammoth who is heading north. Sid, aclumsy Megalonyx sloth left behind by his family, decides to go on by himself and angers Carl and Frank, two Brontops by ruining their salad andis attacked. Sid is soon saved by Manfred, who fights them off.
Notwanting to be alone and unprotected, Sid follows Manfred.Meanwhile, Soto, the leader of a Smilodon pride wantsrevenge on a group of humans by eating the chief's baby son, Roshan,alive. Soto leads a raid on the human camp, during which Roshan's motheris separated from the rest and jumps down a waterfall when cornered bySoto's lieutenant, Diego. For his failure, Diego is sent to find andretrieve the baby. Sid and Manfred spot Roshan and his mother near thelake, having survived her plunge. The mother only has enough strength totrust her baby to Manfred before she disappears. After much persuasionby Sid, they decide to return Roshan but when they reach the humansettlement, they find it deserted. They meet up with Diego, whoconvinces the pair to let him help by tracking the humans.
The fourtravel on, with Diego secretly leading them to his pack for an ambush.While having small adventures on their way, they reach a cavewith several drawings, drawn by humans where Sid and Diego learn aboutManfred's past and his previous interactions with the humans, in whichhis wife and son were killed, leaving Manfred a cynical loner. LaterManfred, Sid, Diego and Roshan were almost to Half-Peak, but encounter ariver of lava. Manfred and Sid, along with Roshan, make it safely butDiego struggles, about to fall into the lava. Manfred rescues himnarrowly missing a fall into the lava himself. The herd takes a breakfor the night and Roshan takes his first walking steps to Diego.The next day the herd approach the ambush, causing Diego toconfess to Manfred and Sid about the ambush, and tells them to trusthim. The herd battles Soto's pack and a short fight ensues.
As Sotocloses in for the kill on Manfred, Diego leaps and stops Soto, whowounds Diego in the process. Manfred knocks Soto into a rock wall,causing several sharp icicles to fall on Soto, killing him. Manfred andSid leave Diego on his insistence and take Roshan back to his tribe.
SoManfred and Sid manage to return Roshan to his father, and Diego rejoinsthem. The group begins to head off to warmer climates.20,000 years later Scrat is frozen in an ice cube that washes upon the shore of a tropical island. The sun slowly melts the cube,bringing Scrat back to life but the acorn, which is just out of hisreach, ends up being washed away by the tide. Scrat then explodes out ofthe ice cube in anger and hits his head repetitively on a tree, whichdrops a coconut. Believing it to be a giant acorn, Scrat's angerimmediately turns to glee at this new find. He tries to pack it into theground as he did previously with his other acorns, but in the processcauses a large crack in the ground that makes its way up the side of avolcano and causes it to erupt.Trivia. Sid, Manny, and Diego will join the team.
The storyline continues in Kieran's Adventures of Ice Age: The Meltdown.
An artist's impression of ice age Earth at glacial maximum.An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the 's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar and alpine. Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and, during which there are no glaciers on the planet. Earth is currently in the, known in popular terminology as the Ice Age. Individual pulses of cold climate within an ice age are termed ' (or, alternatively, 'glacials', 'glaciations', 'glacial stages', 'stadials', 'stades', or colloquially, 'ice ages'), and intermittent warm periods within an ice age are called ' or 'interstadials', with both climatic pulses part of the or.In the terminology of, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres.
By this definition, we are in an interglacial period—the. The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles. Ice age map of northern Germany and its northern neighbours. Red: maximum limit of glacial; yellow: glacial at maximum (Drenthe stage); blue: glacial maximum glaciation.Rocks from the earliest well established ice age, called the, formed around 2.4 to 2.1 ( years) ago during the early Eon. Several hundreds of km of the are exposed 10–100 km north of the north shore of Lake Huron extending from near Sault Ste. Marie to Sudbury, northeast of Lake Huron, with giant layers of now-lithified till beds, dropstones, varves, outwash, and scoured basement rocks.
Correlative Huronian deposits have been found near, and correlation has been made with Paleoproterozoic glacial deposits from Western Australia. The Huronian ice age was caused by the elimination of, a, during the.The next well-documented ice age, and probably the most severe of the last billion years, occurred from 720 to 630 million years ago (the period) and may have produced a in which glacial ice sheets reached the equator, possibly being ended by the accumulation of such as CO2 produced by volcanoes. 'The presence of ice on the continents and pack ice on the oceans would inhibit both and, which are the two major sinks for CO2 at present.' It has been suggested that the end of this ice age was responsible for the subsequent and, though this model is recent and controversial.The occurred from 460 to 420 million years ago, during the and the period. Sediment records showing the fluctuating sequences of glacials and interglacials during the last several million years.The evolution of land plants at the onset of the period caused a long term increase in planetary oxygen levels and reduction of CO2 levels, which resulted in the. Its former name, the Karoo glaciation, was named after the glacial tills found in the Karoo region of South Africa.
There were extensive polar at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the and Periods. Correlatives are known from Argentina, also in the center of the ancient supercontinent.The started about 2.58 million years ago at the beginning of the when the spread of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere began. Since then, the world has seen cycles of glaciation with ice sheets advancing and retreating on 40,000- and 100,000-year time scales called, glacials or glacial advances, and periods, interglacials or glacial retreats. The earth is currently in an interglacial, and the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. All that remains of the continental are the and and smaller glaciers such as on.The definition of the as beginning 2.58 Ma is based on the formation of the. The began to form earlier, at about 34 Ma, in the mid-.
The term is used to include this early phase.Ice ages can be further divided by location and time; for example, the names Riss (180,000–130,000 years ) and (70,000–10,000 years bp) refer specifically to glaciation in the. The maximum extent of the ice is not maintained for the full interval. The scouring action of each glaciation tends to remove most of the evidence of prior ice sheets almost completely, except in regions where the later sheet does not achieve full coverage.Glacials and interglacials. Minimum (interglacial, black) and maximum (glacial, grey) glaciation of theWithin the ice ages (or at least within the current one), more temperate and more severe periods occur. The colder periods are called glacial periods, the warmer periods interglacials, such as the.Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles. Mountain glaciers in otherwise unglaciated areas extend to lower elevations due to a lower. Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps.
There is evidence that ocean circulation patterns are disrupted by glaciations. Since the earth has significant continental glaciation in the Arctic and Antarctic, we are currently in a glacial minimum of a glaciation.
Such a period between glacial maxima is known as an interglacial. The glacials and interglacials also coincided with changes in Earth's orbit called.The earth has been in an interglacial period known as the for around 11,700 years, and an article in Nature in 2004 argues that it might be most analogous to a previous interglacial that lasted 28,000 years. Predicted changes in suggest that the next glacial period would begin at least 50,000 years from now, due to the. Moreover, anthropogenic forcing from increased is estimated to potentially outweigh the orbital forcing of the Milankovitch cycles for hundreds of thousand of years.
Feedback processesEach glacial period is subject to which makes it more severe, and which mitigates and (in all cases so far) eventually ends it.PositiveIce and snow increase Earth's, i.e. They make it reflect more of the sun's energy and absorb less. Hence, when the air temperature decreases, ice and snow fields grow, and this continues until competition with a negative feedback mechanism forces the system to an equilibrium. Also, the reduction in caused by the ice's expansion increases albedo.Another theory proposed by Ewing and Donn in 1956 hypothesized that an ice-free Arctic Ocean leads to increased snowfall at high latitudes. When low-temperature ice covers the Arctic Ocean there is little evaporation or and the polar regions are quite dry in terms of precipitation, comparable to the amount found in mid-latitude. This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.
An ice-free Arctic Ocean absorbs solar radiation during the long summer days, and evaporates more water into the Arctic atmosphere. With higher precipitation, portions of this snow may not melt during the summer and so glacial ice can form at lower altitudes and more southerly latitudes, reducing the temperatures over land by increased albedo as noted above. Furthermore, under this hypothesis the lack of oceanic pack ice allows increased exchange of waters between the Arctic and the North Atlantic Oceans, warming the Arctic and cooling the North Atlantic. (Current projected consequences of include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see.) Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also the. Such a reduction (by reducing the effects of the ) would have a cooling effect on northern Europe, which in turn would lead to increased low-latitude snow retention during the summer. It has also been suggested that during an extensive glacial, glaciers may move through the, extending into the North Atlantic Ocean far enough to block the Gulf Stream.NegativeIce sheets that form during glaciations cause erosion of the land beneath them. After some time, this will reduce land above sea level and thus diminish the amount of space on which ice sheets can form.
This mitigates the albedo feedback, as does the lowering in sea level that accompanies the formation of ice sheets.Another factor is the increased aridity occurring with glacial maxima, which reduces the precipitation available to maintain glaciation. The glacial retreat induced by this or any other process can be amplified by similar as for glacial advances.According to research published in, human emissions of will defer the next ice age. Researchers used data on Earth's orbit to find the historical warm interglacial period that looks most like the current one and from this have predicted that the next ice age would usually begin within 1,500 years. They go on to say that emissions have been so high that it will not. CausesThe causes of ice ages are not fully understood for either the large-scale ice age periods or the smaller ebb and flow of glacial–interglacial periods within an ice age. The consensus is that several factors are important:, such as the concentrations of and (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the known as; the motion of resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and; variations in; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large and volcanism including eruptions of. Some of these factors influence each other.
For example, changes in Earth's atmospheric composition (especially the concentrations of greenhouse gases) may alter the climate, while climate change itself can change the atmospheric composition (for example by changing the rate at which removes CO2)., and others propose that the and are immense CO2 'scrubbers' with a capacity to remove enough CO2 from the global atmosphere to be a significant causal factor of the 40 million year trend. They further claim that approximately half of their uplift (and CO2 'scrubbing' capacity) occurred in the past 10 million years.
Changes in Earth's atmosphereThere is evidence that levels fell at the start of ice ages and rose during the retreat of the ice sheets, but it is difficult to establish cause and effect (see the notes above on the role of weathering). Greenhouse gas levels may also have been affected by other factors which have been proposed as causes of ice ages, such as the movement of continents and volcanism.The hypothesis maintains that the severe freezing in the late was ended by an increase in CO2 levels in the atmosphere, mainly from volcanoes, and some supporters of Snowball Earth argue that it was caused in the first place by a reduction in atmospheric CO2.
The hypothesis also warns of future Snowball Earths.In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change. Human-induced changesThere is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric which trap the sun's heat. The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting is a principal cause of the increase in which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and.Find sources: – ( January 2012) There are at least two types of variation in the Sun's energy output.
In the very long term, astrophysicists believe that the Sun's output increases by about 7% every one billion (10 9) years. Shorter-term variations such as, and longer episodes such as the, which occurred during the coldest part of the.The long-term increase in the Sun's output cannot be a cause of ice ages.VolcanismVolcanic eruptions may have contributed to the inception and/or the end of ice age periods. At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.
Volcanoes and movements in continental plates contributed to high amounts of CO 2 in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide from volcanoes probably contributed to periods with highest overall temperatures. One suggested explanation of the is that undersea volcanoes released from and thus caused a large and rapid increase in the. There appears to be no geological evidence for such eruptions at the right time, but this does not prove they did not happen.Recent glacial and interglacial phases.
Northern hemisphere glaciation during the last ice ages. The setup of 3 to 4 kilometer thick ice sheets caused a of about 120 m.The current geological period, the, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years. The last cold episode of the ended about 10,000 years ago.
Earth is currently in an interglacial period of the Quaternary, called the.Glacial stages in North AmericaThe major glacial stages of the current ice age in North America are the,. The use of the Nebraskan, Afton, Kansan, and Yarmouthian stages to subdivide the ice age in North America has been discontinued by Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists. These stages have all been merged into the in the 1980s.During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about. These sheets were 3 to 4 kilometres (1.9 to 2.5 mi) thick. Stages of development in the region of the current North American.This Wisconsin glaciation left widespread impacts on the North American landscape. The and the were carved by ice deepening old valleys.
Most of the lakes in Minnesota and Wisconsin were gouged out by glaciers and later filled with glacial meltwaters. The old drainage system was radically altered and largely reshaped into the drainage system. Other rivers were dammed and diverted to new channels, such as, which formed a dramatic waterfall and gorge, when the waterflow encountered a limestone escarpment. Another similar waterfall, at the present near, is now dry.The area from to was formed from glacial, and the plethora of lakes on the in northern Canada can be almost entirely attributed to the action of the ice. As the ice retreated and the rock dust dried, winds carried the material hundreds of miles, forming beds of many dozens of feet thick in the. Continues to reshape the Great Lakes and other areas formerly under the weight of the ice sheets.The, a portion of western and southwestern Wisconsin along with parts of adjacent, and, was not covered by glaciers.
See also: Last Glacial Period in the semiarid Andes around Aconcagua and TupungatoA specially interesting climatic change during glacial times has taken place in the semi-arid Andes. Beside the expected cooling down in comparison with the current climate, a significant precipitation change happened here. So, researches in the presently semiarid subtropic Aconcagua-massif (6,962 m) have shown an unexpectedly extensive glacial glaciation of the type 'ice stream network'. The connected valley glaciers exceeding 100 km in length, flowed down on the East-side of this section of the Andes at 32–34°S and 69–71°W as far as a height of 2,060 m and on the western luff-side still clearly deeper. Where current glaciers scarcely reach 10 km in length, the snowline (ELA) runs at a height of 4,600 m and at that time was lowered to 3,200 m, i.e. About 1,400 m. From this follows that—beside of an annual depression of temperature about c.
8.4 °C— here was an increase in precipitation. Accordingly, at glacial times the humid climatic belt that today is situated several latitude degrees further to the S, was shifted much further to the N. Effects of glaciation. See also:Although the last glacial period ended more than 8,000 years ago, its effects can still be felt today. For example, the moving ice carved out the landscape in Canada (See ), Greenland, northern Eurasia and Antarctica.
The, etc., are typical features left behind by the glaciers.The weight of the ice sheets was so great that they deformed the Earth's crust and mantle. After the ice sheets melted, the ice-covered land. Due to the high of the, the flow of mantle rocks which controls the rebound process is very slow—at a rate of about 1 cm/year near the center of rebound area today.During glaciation, water was taken from the oceans to form the ice at high latitudes, thus global sea level dropped by about 110 meters, exposing the continental shelves and forming land-bridges between land-masses for animals to migrate. During, the melted ice-water returned to the oceans, causing sea level to rise. This process can cause sudden shifts in coastlines and hydration systems resulting in newly submerged lands, emerging lands, collapsed resulting in of lakes, new ice dams creating vast areas of freshwater, and a general alteration in regional weather patterns on a large but temporary scale.
It can even cause temporary. This type of chaotic pattern of rapidly changing land, ice, saltwater and freshwater has been proposed as the likely model for the and regions, as well as much of central North America at the end of the last glacial maximum, with the present-day coastlines only being achieved in the last few millennia of prehistory. Also, the effect of elevation on Scandinavia submerged a vast continental plain that had existed under much of what is now the North Sea, connecting the British Isles to Continental Europe.The redistribution of ice-water on the surface of the Earth and the flow of mantle rocks causes changes in the as well as changes to the distribution of the of the Earth.
These changes to the moment of inertia result in a change in the, and wobble of the Earth's rotation.The weight of the redistributed surface mass loaded the, caused it to and also induced within the Earth. The presence of the glaciers generally suppressed the movement of below. During, the faults experience accelerated slip triggering. Earthquakes triggered near the ice margin may in turn accelerate and may account for the. As more ice is removed near the ice margin, more are induced and this positive feedback may explain the fast collapse of ice sheets.In Europe, glacial erosion and sinking from weight of ice made the, which before the Ice Age was all land drained by the.See also.
– Theory, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth. – A huge glacier during the Pleistocene Ice Age. – A period of cooling after the Medieval Warm Period that lasted from the 16th to the 19th century. – Rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period.
– Chronology of the major ice ages of the Earth. – Changes in Earth's environment as determined from geologic evidence on multi-million to billion year time scalesReferences.
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